Effects of Trophy Hunting on Lion and Leopard Populations in Tanzania
Efectos de la Cacería Deportiva sobre Poblaciones de Leones y Leopardos en Tanzania
Abstract
enAbstract: Tanzania holds most of the remaining large populations of African lions (Panthera leo) and has extensive areas of leopard habitat (Panthera pardus), and both species are subjected to sizable harvests by sport hunters. As a first step toward establishing sustainable management strategies, we analyzed harvest trends for lions and leopards across Tanzania's 300,000 km2 of hunting blocks. We summarize lion population trends in protected areas where lion abundance has been directly measured and data on the frequency of lion attacks on humans in high‐conflict agricultural areas. We place these findings in context of the rapidly growing human population in rural Tanzania and the concomitant effects of habitat loss, human‐wildlife conflict, and cultural practices. Lion harvests declined by 50% across Tanzania between 1996 and 2008, and hunting areas with the highest initial harvests suffered the steepest declines. Although each part of the country is subject to some form of anthropogenic impact from local people, the intensity of trophy hunting was the only significant factor in a statistical analysis of lion harvest trends. Although leopard harvests were more stable, regions outside the Selous Game Reserve with the highest initial leopard harvests again showed the steepest declines. Our quantitative analyses suggest that annual hunting quotas be limited to 0.5 lions and 1.0 leopard/1000 km2 of hunting area, except hunting blocks in the Selous Game Reserve, where harvests should be limited to 1.0 lion and 3.0 leopards/1000 km2.
Abstract
esResumen: Tanzania mantiene la mayoría de las poblaciones remanentes de leones Africanos (Panthera leo) y tiene extensas áreas de hábitat de leopardo (Panthera pardus), y ambas especies son sujetas a cosechas considerables por cazadores deportivos. Como un primer paso hacia el establecimiento de estrategias de manejo sustentable, analizamos las tendencias de cosecha de leones y leopardos en los 300,000 km2 de bloques de cacería de Tanzania. Sintetizamos las tendencias poblacionales de leones en áreas protegidas donde la abundancia de leones ha sido medida directamente, así como datos sobre la frecuencia de ataques de leones sobre humanos en áreas agrícolas altamente conflictivas. Ubicamos estos resultados en el contexto de la población humana en rápido crecimiento en Tanzania rural y los efectos concomitantes de la pérdida de hábitat, el conflicto humanos‐vida silvestre y las prácticas culturales. Las cosechas de leones han declinado 50% en Tanzania entre 1996 y 2008, y las áreas de cacería con las cosechas iniciales más altas sufrieron las declinaciones más pronunciadas. Aunque cada parte del país está sujeto a alguna forma de impacto antropogénico por habitantes locales, la intensidad de la cacería deportiva fue el único factor significativo en el análisis estadístico de las tendencias poblacionales de leones. Aunque las cosechas de leopardos fueron más estables, regiones fuera de la Reserva de Caza Selous con las cosechas iniciales de leopardos más altas también mostraron las declinaciones más pronunciadas. Nuestros análisis cuantitativos sugieren que las cuotas anuales de cacería se limiten a 0.5 leones y 1.0 leopardo/1000 km2 de área de cacería, excepto los bloques de cacería en la Reserva de Caza Selous, donde las cosechas deben limitarse a 1.0 león y 3.0 leopardos/1000 km2.
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